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A total of 126 titles were obtained from the electronic database, and the application of exclusion criteria resulted in the identification of 21 articles pertaining to printed technology for complete dentures. Current innovations and developments in digital dentistry have successfully led to the fabrication of removable dental prostheses using CAD/CAM technologies. Milled dentures have been studied more than 3D printed ones in the currently available literature. The limited number of clinical studies, mainly case reports, suggest current indications of 3D printing in denture fabrication process to be custom tray, record bases, trial, interim or immediate dentures but not definitive prostheses fabrication. Limitations include poor esthetics and retention, inability to balance occlusion and low printer resolution.
Initial studies on digital dentures have shown promising short-term clinical performance, positive patient-related results and reasonable cost-effectiveness. 3D printing has potential to modernize and streamline the denture fabrication techniques, materials and workflows. However, more research is required on the existing and developing materials and printers to allow for advancement and increase its application in removable prosthodontics.
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3-dimensional (3D) printing or rapid prototyping (RP), encompasses techniques that fabricate objects layer by layer. 3D printing, despite its relative recent introduction, has shown potential in many fields like engineering and medicine including dental medicine [17]. The available 3D printing systems for complete removable dental prostheses are FotoDenta denture (Dentamid, Germany) and Dentca 3D Printed Denture (Dentca, USA) [15].The limited resolution and reproducibility of the available printers along with their technical constraints have so far posed obstacles in such manufacturing methods of dental restorations [18, 19].
With 3D printing, the build direction (layer orientation) affects the mechanical properties of the dental restorative material [31]. This is due to the nature of incremental layers in additive manufacturing technology, which may initiate crack propagation and result in a structural failure of the printed material. In an in vitro study, layer orientation was found to affect the compressive strength of 3D-printed composite material. The material printed vertically with the load perpendicular to the layer orientation exhibits a higher compressive strength than a material printed horizontally [32]. Also, it is important to understand that the bond between the layers is weaker than that within the layer. This is explained by the amount of residual stresses and porosities that accumulate during UV polymerization and material shrinkage [33].
In terms of these limitations, the in-office additively manufactured interim CRDP following a digital workflow was proposed [46]. The workflow began with an intraoral scan and a maxillomandibular occlusal record, which were exported in a standard tessellation language (STL) file. Next, a CAD software was used to define the existing mandibular plane, followed by a diagnostic tooth arrangement in the same CAD software. The definition of denture base extension on the virtual edentulous ridge was done and a virtual denture base of 3 mm thickness was created. The approved design of the virtual diagnostic tooth arrangement and denture base were exported as 2 individual STL files and imported into a support-and-build preparation software. An in-office 3D printer was used to fabricate the denture base with soft-tissue-colored and the diagnostic tooth arrangement with tooth-colored photopolymerizing resins. After polymerization in a light-polymerizing unit, the diagnostic tooth arrangement was luted to the denture base with a soft-tissue-colored photopolymerizing resin. Finally, the interim CRDP was relined with soft reliner (Coe-Soft; GC America Inc) to facilitate insertion and improve retention.
With a projected increase of edentulous patients in the future, the need for CRDPs as a treatment modality is recognized. For computer-engineered removable prostheses, a worthwhile consideration is their economic implications as compared to traditional approaches. The decrease in chairside, laboratory and overall working time for dentists, technicians and patients is the main factor when assessing cost versus time. The time saved by less human involvement, virtual teeth arrangement, and ability to effortlessly store and reproduce prostheses should be viewed against the increased cost of milling machines and accrual of additional required equipment such as intraoral scanner or proprietary custom trays. A study that was designed in an academic setting stated that despite the initially much higher costs of the materials used to fabricate the digital denture protocol, overall it was determined to be a less costly method of producing CRDP in terms of clinical chairside time and laboratory costs [63]. Meanwhile, tabletop 3D printers are much less expensive than a milling center and could be afforded by individual dentists and dental laboratories to offset some of the costs that are currently preventing broad digital denture implementation.
Please pay attention that the Excel Holiday Gift List, which was a hard nut to crack for most of the online Excel to PDF converters, present no difficulty at all for this desktop tool!Save the PDF file.If everything is Okay, click Save As on the File tab or press Ctrl + S to save the file. Yep, it is as easy as that!Note. Foxit Reader saves all the sheets of the selected workbook to PDF. So, if you want to convert only a certain worksheet, save it as an individual workbook first.Converting an Excel file to PDF from ExcelThis approach is recommended if you want more options to preview and customize the resulting PDF document.
Open an Excel workbook, switch to the File tab, click Print, and select Foxit Reader PDF Printer in the list of printers.Configure the settings.Under the Settings section, you have the following choices:
PrimoPDF is one more pseudo printer that can help you export your Excel documents to the PDF format. The features and options provided by this software are very similar to Foxit Reader's, and you set it up exactly in the same way - select PrimoPDF under Printer and play with the settings.
In my case, there was a view password that maintained its state through save -- but print, etc. were not blocked. That left open the analog method, or print-to-PDF-printer, which is what I did. The resulting file lacked a password, and seemed to suffer no degradation. 153554b96e
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